Celtii!- un cuvant invaluit in negura preistoriei. O definitie franceza spune :"Preistoria se sfarseste odata cu aparitia primului document scris" - principiu conform caruia celtii se claseaza drept o populatie preistorica. Asemenea oricarei civilizatii, populatia celytica a luat nastere, s-a dezvoltat, a evoluat de-a lungul secolelor,fara a se putea insa vorbi,nici in cazul acesteia despre un fenomen de manifestare, aparitie spontana" sursa : C. Nicolescu-Anglia si Spiritul Englez cump...

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Tags: england, history, romana, translated

The Knight's Tale" (Middle English: The Knightes Tale) is the first tale from Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. The story introduces many typical aspects of knighthood such as courtly love and ethical dilemmas. The story is written in iambic pentameter end-rhymed couplet. "And now Theseus, drawing close to his native land in a laurelled chariot after fierce battle with thepeople, is heralded by glad applause and the shoutsof the people flung to the heavens and the merry trump of warfare that has reached its end...

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Tags: english, literature, middle english, modern, prose

Once on a time, as old tales tell to us, There was a duke whose name was Theseus: Of Athens he was lord and governor, And in his time was such a conqueror That greater was there not beneath the sun. Full many a rich country had he won; What with his wisdom and his chivalry He gained the realm of Femininity, That was of old time known as Scythia. There wedded he the queen, Hippolyta, And brought her home with him to his country. In glory great and with great pageantry, And, too, her younger sister, Emily. And thus, in victory and with melody, Let I this noble duke to Athens ride With all his armed host marching at his side. And truly, were it not too long to hear, I would have told you fully how, that year, Was gained the realm of Femininity By...

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Tags: english, literature, medieval, middle english, modern, poetry, translated

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English alliterative romanceoutlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table. In the poem, Sir Gawain accepts a challenge from a mysterious warrior who is completely green, from his clothes and hair to his beard and skin, save for his red eyes. The "Green Knight" offers to allow anyone to strike him with his axe if the challenger will take a return blow in a year and a day. Gawain accepts, and beheads him in one blow, only to have the Green Knight stand up, pick up his head, and remind Gawain to meet him at the appointed time. In his struggles to uphold his oath, Gawain faithfully demonstrates the qualities of chivalry and loyalty until...

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Tags: Arthurian, english, literature, middle english, poetry, romance

         Prepositions are used to connect a noun or pronoun to another word or phrase in a sentence.As in english, pronouns in norwegian that are the objects of prepositions must be in the object case:                                   Jeg vil bli med henne-Iwant to be with her      Prepositions frequently have spatial meanings as their primary sense."On" sugests a position above and supported by another object. In addition to these spatial meanings ,their meanings, the meanings of a preposition may be extended to deal with the time or manner of an action...

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Tags: english, grammar, norsk

J. A. Burrow - Medieval Writers and their Work: Middle English Literature 1100-1500Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA | 2008-04-15 | ISBN: 0199532044  In an updated edition of his hugely successful student introduction to English literature from 1100 to 1500, J.A. Burrow takes account of scholarly developments in the the field, most notably devoting a final chapter to the impact of historicism on medieval studies. Full of information and stimulating ideas, and a pleasure to read, Burrow's book deals with circumstances of composition and reception, the main genres, modes of meaning (allegory etc.), and medieval literature's afterlife in modern times. It shows that the literature of authors such as Chaucer, Gower, and Langland is more...

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Tags: critics, english, literature, medieval, middle english

A History of English Literature provides a comprehensive survey of one of the richest and oldest literatures in the world. Presented as a narrative, and usable as a work of reference, this text offers an account of literature from the beginnings of English until the present day. The author begins by examining the scope of such a history in terms of time, place, and the meaning of "English". The classical status of any particular work is open to challenge, and the notion of classical status itself is explored. The text is unrivalled in its use of pedagogical features and exhibits, offering invaluable insights into particular works, authors' biographies, and literary periods...

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Tags: critics, english, literature, modern

This book introduces students to the literature of Anglo-Saxon England, the period from 600-1066, in a collection of fifteen specially commissioned essays. The chapters are written by experts, but designed to be accessible to students who may be unfamiliar with Old English. The emphasis throughout is on placing texts in their contemporary context and suggesting ways in which they relate to each other and to the important events and issues of the time. With the help of maps and a chronological table of events the first chapters describe briefly the political, social and ecclesiastical history of the period and how poetry and prose in Latin and in the vernacular developed and flourished. A succinct account of Old English provides beginners with...

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Tags: cambridge, critics, download, english, literature, modern, old english, poetry, translated

 This is currently the most popular course for use in evening classes and private tuition. The textbook includes a CD which contains the listening exercises for lessons 1-11 AND 12-27  The full "arbeidesbok" for this couse is available HERE ...

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Tags: norsk, norwegian

FIND AUDIO FILES RELATED TO THIS BOOK HER...

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Tags: fonetikk, norsk, norwegian

Nouns, the names of things, can alter words linked with them, in particular words such as verbs and adjectives that provide information about them. Such changes vary between different languages. In Norwegian the main changes reflect the noun’s gender, its number and its ‘particularity’.Gender: Norwegian nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Over half of all nouns are masculine, less than a quarter are feminine and the rest are neuter. Feminine nouns have a curious status: in most cases (there are a few exceptions – see below for some examples) they can be treated as masculine according to the inclination of the speaker.Number: Most nouns have a singular and a plural form, depending whether or not the noun refers to one...

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Tags: english, grammar, norsk

" Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics" was a 1936 lecture given by J. R. R. Tolkien on literary criticism on the Old English heroic epic poem Beowulf. It was first published in that year in Proceedings of the British Academy, and has since been reprinted in many collections, including in The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays, the 1983 collection of Tolkien's academic papers edited by Christopher Tolkien. This paper is regarded as a formative work in modern Beowulf studies. In this talk, Tolkien speaks against critics who play down the fantastic elements of the poem (such as Grendel and the dragon) in favour of using Beowulf solely as a source for Anglo-Saxon history. Tolkien argues that rather than being merely extraneous, these...

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Tags: beowulf, critics, download, old english, poetry

"PREOCCUPATION  with  transience is  not  found  solely  within  Old English elegiac poetry, though  students of the genre may be forgiven for gaining that impression. There can be no major literature of the world that does  not  number  among  its  themes  wonder at  the demise of  earlier civilisations and regret for the brevity of human life and human joy. In a literature  such as  that of  the Anglo-Saxons,  marked by a  variety of influences and traditions, it is hard to attribute with certainty all manifes- tations of the transience  motif ..." ca să puteţi dezarhiva cartea o să aveţi nevoie de o parolă :letter2   DOWNLOAD...

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Tags: critics, download, literature, old english, poetry

Welund him be wurman [#]Weland himself, by means of worms (swords?), wræces cunnade,experienced agony, anhydig eorlthe strong-minded noble earfoþa dreag,endured troubles; hæfde him to gesiþþehe had for his companions sorge and longaþ,sorrow and longing, 4awintercealde wræce,winter-bitter wrack, wean oft onfondhe often found misery siþþan hine Niðhad onafter Niðhad nede legde,put fetters on him, swoncre seonobendesupple sinew-bonds on syllan monn.on the better man. Þæs ofereode,That was overcome, þisses swa mæg. [#]so may this be. 8aBeadohilde ne wæsBeadohild was not hyre broþra deaþas sad in mind on sefan swa sarfor the death of her brothers swa hyre sylfre þing,as for her own trouble, þæt heo gearoliceshe had ongietan hæfdeclearly realized þæt heo eacen wæs;that she was pregnant; æfre ne meahteshe could never 12aþriste geþencanthink...

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Tags: literature, modern, old english, poetry, translated

Mæg ic be me sylfumI can make a true song soðgied wrecan,about me myself, siþas secgan,tell my travels, hu ic geswincdagumhow I often endured earfoðhwiledays of struggle, oft þrowade,troublesome times, 4abitre breostceare[how I] have suffered gebiden hæbbe,grim sorrow at heart, gecunnad in ceolehave known in the ship cearselda fela,many worries [abodes of care], atol yþa gewealc,the terrible tossing of the waves, þær mec oft bigeatwhere the anxious night watch nearo nihtwacooften took me æt nacan stefnan,at the ship's prow, 8aþonne he be clifum cnossað.when it tossed near the cliffs. Calde geþrungenFettered by cold wæron mine fet,were my feet, forste gebundenbound by frost caldum clommum,in cold clasps, þær þa ceare seofedunwhere then cares seethed hat ymb heortan;hot about my heart -- hungor innan slata hunger tears from within 12amerewerges...

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Tags: literature, old english, poetry, translated

Oft him anhagaOften the solitary one are gebideð,finds grace for himself metudes miltse,the mercy of the Lord, þeah þe he modcearigAlthough he, sorry-hearted, geond lagulademust for a long time longe sceoldemove by hand [in context = row] 4ahreran mid hondumalong the waterways, hrimcealde sæ(along) the ice-cold sea, wadan wræclastas.tread the paths of exile. Wyrd bið ful aræd!Events always go as they must! Swa cwæð eardstapa,So spoke the wanderer, earfeþa gemyndig,mindful of hardships, wraþra wælsleahta,of fierce slaughters winemæga hryre:and the downfall of kinsmen: 8aOft ic sceolde anaOften (or always) I had alone uhtna gehwylceto speak of my trouble mine ceare cwiþan.each morning before dawn. Nis nu cwicra nanThere is none now living þe ic him modsefanto whom I dare minne durreclearly speak sweotule asecgan.of my innermost...

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Tags: literature, old english, poetry, translated

This masonry is wondrous; fates broke it courtyard pavements were smashed; the work of giants is decaying. Roofs are fallen, ruinous towers, the frosty gate with frost on cement is ravaged, chipped roofs are torn, fallen, undermined by old age. The grasp of the earth possesses the mighty builders, perished and fallen, the hard grasp of earth, until a hundred generations of people have departed. Often this wall, lichen-grey and stained with red, experienced one reign after another, remained standing under storms; the high wide gate has collapsed. Still the masonry endures in winds cut down persisted on__________________ fiercely sharpened________ _________ ______________ she shone_________ _____________g skill ancient work_________ _____________g of crusts of mud turned away spirit mo________yne put together keen-counselled a quick design...

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Tags: literature, old english, poetry, translated

The most important poem in Old English, Beowulf is also the only surviving Anglo-Saxon epic. Though the origins of the piece remain a mystery, it has long been acclaimed for its grand tone and brilliant style. The title, ’s Beowulf, part of Chelsea House Publishers’ Modern Critical Interpretations series, presents the most important 20th-century criticism on ’s Beowulf through extracts of critical essays by well-known literary critics. This collection of criticism also features a short biography on, a chronology of the author’s life, and an introductory essay written by Harold Bloom, Sterling Professor of the Humanities, Yale University. ca să puteţi dezarhiva cartea o să aveţi nevoie de o parolă :letter1 DOWNLOAD PDF cartea de fata nu...

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Tags: beowulf, critics, download, old english

Composed toward the end of the first millennium of our era, 'Beowulf' is the elegiac narrative of the adventures of Beowulf, a Scandinavian hero who saves the Danes from the seemingly invincible monster Grendel and, later, from Grendel's mother. He then returns to his own country and dies in old age in a vivid fight against a dragon.  The poem is about encountering the monstrous, defeating it, and then having to live on in the exhausted aftermath. In the contours of this story, at once remote and uncannily familiar at the beginning of the twenty-first century, Seamus Heaney finds a resonance that summons power to the poetry from deep beneath its surface. ca să puteţi dezarhiva cartea o să aveţi nevoie de o parolă : letter1 DOWNLOAD...

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Tags: beowulf, literature, old english