Celtii!- un cuvant invaluit in negura preistoriei. O definitie franceza spune :

"Preistoria se sfarseste odata cu aparitia primului document scris" 

- principiu conform caruia celtii se claseaza drept o populatie preistorica. Asemenea oricarei civilizatii, populatia celytica a luat nastere, s-a dezvoltat, a evoluat de-a lungul secolelor,fara a se putea insa vorbi,nici in cazul acesteia despre un fenomen de manifestare, aparitie spontana"

sursa : C. Nicolescu-Anglia si Spiritul Englez


cumpara

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Tags: england, history, romana, translated

The Knight's Tale" (Middle English: The Knightes Tale) is the first tale from Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. The story introduces many typical aspects of knighthood such as courtly love and ethical dilemmas. The story is written in iambic pentameter end-rhymed couplet.

"And now Theseus, drawing close to his native land 

in a laurelled chariot after fierce battle with the

people, is heralded by glad applause and the shouts

of the people flung to the heavens and the merry 

trump of warfare that has reached its end."

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Tags: english, literature, middle english, modern, prose

Once on a time, as old tales tell to us,
There was a duke whose name was Theseus:
Of Athens he was lord and governor,
And in his time was such a conqueror
That greater was there not beneath the sun.
Full many a rich country had he won;
What with his wisdom and his chivalry
He gained the realm of Femininity,
That was of old time known as Scythia.
There wedded he the queen, Hippolyta,
And brought her home with him to his country.
In glory great and with great pageantry,
And, too, her younger sister, Emily.
And thus, in victory and with melody,
Let I this noble duke to Athens ride
With all his armed host marching at his side.
And truly, were it not too long to hear,
I would have told you fully how, that year,
Was gained the realm of Femininity
By Theseus and by his chivalry;

more...

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Tags: english, literature, medieval, middle english, modern, poetry, translated

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English alliterative romanceoutlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table. In the poem, Sir Gawain accepts a challenge from a mysterious warrior who is completely green, from his clothes and hair to his beard and skin, save for his red eyes. The "Green Knight" offers to allow anyone to strike him with his axe if the challenger will take a return blow in a year and a day. Gawain accepts, and beheads him in one blow, only to have the Green Knight stand up, pick up his head, and remind Gawain to meet him at the appointed time. In his struggles to uphold his oath, Gawain faithfully demonstrates the qualities of chivalry and loyalty until his honor is called into question by a test crafted by the lady of the castle in which much of the story takes place. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is one of the better-known Arthurian stories, which date back to the 12th century.

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Tags: Arthurian, english, literature, middle english, poetry, romance

         Prepositions are used to connect a noun or pronoun to another word or phrase in a sentence.As in english, pronouns in norwegian that are the objects of prepositions must be in the object case:
                                  Jeg vil bli med henne-Iwant to be with her
     Prepositions frequently have spatial meanings as their primary sense."On" sugests a position above and supported by another object. In addition to these spatial meanings ,their meanings, the meanings of a preposition may be extended to deal with the time or manner of an action.

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Tags: english, grammar, norsk

J. A. Burrow - Medieval Writers and their Work: Middle English Literature 1100-1500
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA | 2008-04-15 | ISBN: 0199532044 

In an updated edition of his hugely successful student introduction to English literature from 1100 to 1500, J.A. Burrow takes account of scholarly developments in the the field, most notably devoting a final chapter to the impact of historicism on medieval studies. Full of information and stimulating ideas, and a pleasure to read, Burrow's book deals with circumstances of composition and reception, the main genres, modes of meaning (allegory etc.), and medieval literature's afterlife in modern times. It shows that the literature of authors such as Chaucer, Gower, and Langland is more readily accessible than usually imagined, and well worth reading too. By placing medieval writers in their historical context - the four centuries between the Norman Conquest and the Renaissance - Professor Burrow explains not only how they wrote, but why.

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Tags: critics, english, literature, medieval, middle english

A History of English Literature provides a comprehensive survey of one of the richest and oldest literatures in the world. Presented as a narrative, and usable as a work of reference, this text offers an account of literature from the beginnings of English until the present day. The author begins by examining the scope of such a history in terms of time, place, and the meaning of "English". The classical status of any particular work is open to challenge, and the notion of classical status itself is explored. The text is unrivalled in its use of pedagogical features and exhibits, offering invaluable insights into particular works, authors' biographies, and literary periods.

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Tags: critics, english, literature, modern

This book introduces students to the literature of Anglo-Saxon England, the period from 600-1066, in a collection of fifteen specially commissioned essays. The chapters are written by experts, but designed to be accessible to students who may be unfamiliar with Old English. The emphasis throughout is on placing texts in their contemporary context and suggesting ways in which they relate to each other and to the important events and issues of the time. With the help of maps and a chronological table of events the first chapters describe briefly the political, social and ecclesiastical history of the period and how poetry and prose in Latin and in the vernacular developed and flourished. A succinct account of Old English provides beginners with a handy guide to the rules of spelling, grammar and syntax. Subsequent chapters explore the range of Anglo-Saxon writing under different thematic headings. A final bibliography gives guidance on further reading.




(pentru fullscreen -ultimul buton din dreapta jos)

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Tags: cambridge, critics, download, english, literature, modern, old english, poetry, translated

 This is currently the most popular course for use in evening classes and private tuition. The textbook includes a CD which contains the listening exercises for lessons 1-11 AND 12-27 

The full "arbeidesbok" for this couse is available HERE

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Tags: norsk, norwegian

FIND AUDIO FILES RELATED TO THIS BOOK HERE

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Tags: fonetikk, norsk, norwegian

Nouns, the names of things, can alter words linked with them, in particular words such as verbs and adjectives that provide information about them. Such changes vary between different languages. In Norwegian the main changes reflect the noun’s gender, its number and its ‘particularity’.

Gender: Norwegian nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Over half of all nouns are masculine, less than a quarter are feminine and the rest are neuter. Feminine nouns have a curious status: in most cases (there are a few exceptions – see below for some examples) they can be treated as masculine according to the inclination of the speaker.

Number: Most nouns have a singular and a plural form, depending whether or not the noun refers to one or more than one item.

‘Particularity’: A noun has ‘particularity’ if it is singled out in some way, in which case it takes the definiteform, indicated by ‘the’ in English and a suffix in Norwegian. If it is not singled out it takes the indefinite form, signalled in English in the singular by the indefinite article, ‘a’ or ‘an’, and en ei or et in Norwegian.

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Tags: english, grammar, norsk

"

Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics" was a 1936 lecture given by J. R. R. Tolkien on literary criticism on the Old English heroic epic poem Beowulf. It was first published in that year in Proceedings of the British Academy, and has since been reprinted in many collections, including in The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays, the 1983 collection of Tolkien's academic papers edited by Christopher Tolkien.
This paper is regarded as a formative work in modern Beowulf studies. In this talk, Tolkien speaks against critics who play down the fantastic elements of the poem (such as Grendel and the dragon) in favour of using Beowulf solely as a source for Anglo-Saxon history. Tolkien argues that rather than being merely extraneous, these elements are key to the narrative and should be the focus of study. In doing so he drew attention to the previously neglected literary qualities of the poem and argued that it should be studied as a work of art, not just as a historical document. Later critics who agreed with Tolkien on this point have routinely cited him to defend their arguments.
The paper remains a common source for students and scholars studying Beowulf and was praised by Seamus Heaney in the introduction to his translation of the poem. Bruce Mitchell and Fred C. Robinson call it in their Beowulf, An Edition (1998) "the most influential literary criticism of the poem ever written". The paper also sheds light on many of Tolkien's ideas about literature and is a source for those seeking to understand his writings.
The lecture is based on a longer lecture series, which exists in two manuscript versions published together as Beowulf and the Critics (2002), edited by Michael D. C. Drout.

"Beowulf is not a 'primitive' poem; it is a late one, using the materials (then still plentiful) preserved
from a day  already  changing and passing, a time that has now for ever vanished, swallowed in
oblivion; using them for a new purpose, with a wider sweep of imagination, if with a less bitter and concentrated  force.  When  new  Beowulf  was  already  antiquarian,  in  a  good  sense,  and  it  now produces a singular effect. For it is now to us itself ancient; and yet its maker was telling of things already old and weighted with regret, and he expended his art in making keen that touch upon the heart which sorrows have that are both poignant and remote. If the funeral of Beowulf moved once like the echo of an ancient dirge, far-off and hopeless, it is to us as a memory brought over the hills, an echo of an echo."

CITESTE  AICI (pentru fullscreen -ultimul buton din dreapta jos)

ca să puteţi dezarhiva cartea o să aveţi nevoie de o parolă :letter2

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Tags: beowulf, critics, download, old english, poetry

"PREOCCUPATION  with  transience is  not  found  solely  within  Old
English elegiac poetry, though  students of the genre may be forgiven for
gaining that impression. There can be no major literature of the world that
does  not  number  among  its  themes  wonder at  the demise of  earlier
civilisations and regret for the brevity of human life and human joy. In a
literature  such as  that of  the Anglo-Saxons,  marked by a  variety of
influences and traditions, it is hard to attribute with certainty all manifes-
tations of the transience  motif ..."

ca să puteţi dezarhiva cartea o să aveţi nevoie de o parolă :letter2

 

 

 

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Tags: critics, download, literature, old english, poetry

Welund him be wurman [#]	Weland himself, by means of worms (swords?),
	wræces cunnade,	experienced agony,
	anhydig eorl	the strong-minded noble
	earfoþa dreag,	endured troubles;
	hæfde him to gesiþþe	he had for his companions
	sorge and longaþ,	sorrow and longing,
4a	wintercealde wræce,	winter-bitter wrack,
	wean oft onfond	he often found misery
	siþþan hine Niðhad on	after Niðhad
	nede legde,	put fetters on him,
	swoncre seonobende	supple sinew-bonds
	on syllan monn.	on the better man.
	Þæs ofereode,	That was overcome,
	þisses swa mæg. [#]	so may this be.

8a	Beadohilde ne wæs	Beadohild was not
	hyre broþra deaþ	as sad in mind
	on sefan swa sar	for the death of her brothers
	swa hyre sylfre þing,	as for her own trouble,
	þæt heo gearolice	she had
	ongietan hæfde	clearly realized
	þæt heo eacen wæs;	that she was pregnant;
	æfre ne meahte	she could never
12a	þriste geþencan	think resolutely
	hu ymb þæt sceolde.	of how that would have to (turn out).
	Þæs ofereode,	That was overcome,
	þisses swa mæg.	so may this be.

	We þæt Mæðhilde [#]	We heard that
	mone gefrugnon	the moans of Matilda,
	wurdon grundlease	of the lady of Geat,
	Geates frige,	were numberless
16a	þæt hi seo sorglufu	so that (her) sorrowful love
	slæp ealle binom.	entirely deprived of sleep.
	Þæs ofereode,	That was overcome,
	þisses swa mæg.	so may this be.

	Ðeodric ahte [#]	Theodric ruled
	þritig wintra	for thirty winters
	Mæringa burg;	the city of the Mærings;
	þæt wæs monegum cuþ.	that was known to many.
20a	Þæs ofereode,	That was overcome,
	þisses swa mæg.	so may this be.

	We geascodan	We heard
	Eormanrices [#]	Ermanaric's
	wylfenne geþoht;	wolfish thought;
	ahte wide folc	he ruled widely the people
	Gotena rices;	of the kingdom of the Goths -
	þæt wæs grim cyning.	That was a grim king!
24a	Sæt secg monig	Many a warrior sat,
	sorgum gebunden,	bound up by cares,
	wean on wenan,	woes in mind,
	wyscte geneahhe	wished constantly
	þæt þæs cynerices	that the kingdom
	ofercumen wære.	were overcome.
	Þæs ofereode,	That was overcome,
	þisses swa mæg.	so may this be.

28a	Siteð sorgcearig,	He sits sorrowful and anxious,
	sælum bidæled,	bereft of joy,
	on sefan sweorceð,	darkening in his mind,
	sylfum þinceð	he thinks to himself
	þæt sy endeleas	that (it) is endless
	earfoða dæl,	the (his) part of troubles;
	mæg þonne geþencan	then he can consider
	þæt geond þas woruld	that throughout this world
32a	witig Dryhten	the wise Lord
	wendeþ geneahhe,	always goes,
	eorle monegum	to many men
	are gesceawað,	he shows honour,
	wislicne blæd,	sure glory,
	sumum weana dæl.	to some a share of troubles.

	Þæt ic bi me sylfum	I, for myself,
	secgan wille,	want to say this,
36a	þæt ic hwile wæs	that for a while I was
	Heodeninga scop,	the scop (bard) of the Hedenings,
	dryhtne dyre;	dear to my lord;
	me wæs Deor noma. [#]	my name was Deor.
	Ahte ic fela wintra	I had for many winters
	folgað tilne,	a good position,
	holdne hlaford,	a loyal lord,
	oþ þæt Heorrenda nu,	until Heorrenda now,
40a	leoðcræftig monn,	a man skilful in songs,
	londryht geþah	has taken the estate
	þæt me eorla hleo	that the protector (hleo) of warriors (eorla)
	ær gesealde.	before (ær) gave to me.
	Þæs ofereode,	That was overcome,
	þisses swa mæg.	so may this be.

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Tags: literature, modern, old english, poetry, translated

	Mæg ic be me sylfum	I can make a true song
	soðgied wrecan,	about me myself,
	siþas secgan,	tell my travels,
	hu ic geswincdagum	how I often endured
	earfoðhwile	days of struggle,
	oft þrowade,	troublesome times,
4a	bitre breostceare	[how I] have suffered
	gebiden hæbbe,	grim sorrow at heart,
	gecunnad in ceole	have known in the ship
	cearselda fela,	many worries [abodes of care],
	atol yþa gewealc,	the terrible tossing of the waves,
	þær mec oft bigeat	where the anxious night watch
	nearo nihtwaco	often took me
	æt nacan stefnan,	at the ship's prow,
8a	þonne he be clifum cnossað.	when it tossed near the cliffs.
	Calde geþrungen	Fettered by cold
	wæron mine fet,	were my feet,
	forste gebunden	bound by frost
	caldum clommum,	in cold clasps,
	þær þa ceare seofedun	where then cares seethed
	hat ymb heortan;	hot about my heart --
	hungor innan slat	a hunger tears from within
12a	merewerges mod.	the sea-weary soul.
	Þæt se mon ne wat	This the man does not know
	þe him on foldan	for whom on land
	fægrost limpeð,	it turns out most favourably,
	hu ic earmcearig	how I, wretched and sorrowful,
	iscealdne sæ	on the ice-cold sea
	winter wunade	dwelt for a winter
	wræccan lastum,	in the paths of exile,
16a	winemægum bidroren,	bereft of friendly kinsmen,
	bihongen hrimgicelum;	hung about with icicles;
	hægl scurum fleag.	hail flew in showers.
	þær ic ne gehyrde	There I heard nothing
	butan hlimman sæ,	but the roaring sea,
	iscaldne wæg.	the ice-cold wave.
	Hwilum ylfete song	At times the swan's song
20a	dyde ic me to gomene,	I took to myself as pleasure,
	ganotes hleoþor	the gannet's noise
	ond huilpan sweg	and the voice of the curlew
	fore hleahtor wera,	instead of the laughter of men,
	mæw singende	the singing gull
	fore medodrince.	instead of the drinking of mead.
	Stormas þær stanclifu beotan,	Storms there beat the stony cliffs,
	þær him stearn oncwæð,	where the tern spoke,
24a	isigfeþera;	icy-feathered;
	ful oft þæt earn bigeal,	always the eagle cried at it,
	urigfeþra;	dewy-feathered;
	nænig hleomæga	no cheerful kinsmen
	feasceaftig ferð	can comfort
	frefran meahte.	the poor soul.
	Forþon him gelyfeð lyt,	Indeed he credits it little,
	se þe ah lifes wyn	the one who has the joys of life,
28a	gebiden in burgum,	dwells in the city,
	bealosiþa hwon,	far from terrible journey,
	wlonc ond wingal,	proud and wanton with wine,
	hu ic werig oft	how I, weary, often
	in brimlade	have had to endure
	bidan sceolde.	in the sea-paths.
	Nap nihtscua,	The shadows of night darkened,
	norþan sniwde,	it snowed from the north,
32a	hrim hrusan bond,	frost bound the ground,
	hægl feol on eorþan,	hail fell on the earth,
	corna caldast.	coldest of grains.
	Forþon cnyssað nu	Indeed, now they are troubled,
	heortan geþohtas	the thoughts of my heart,
	þæt ic hean streamas,	that I myself should strive with
	sealtyþa gelac	the high streams,
	sylf cunnige --	the tossing of salt waves --
36a	monað modes lust	the wish of my heart urges
	mæla gehwylce	all the time
	ferð to feran,	my spirit to go forth,
	þæt ic feor heonan	that I, far from here,
	elþeodigra	should seek the homeland
	eard gesece --	of a foreign people --
	Forþon nis þæs modwlonc	Indeed there is not so proud-spirited
	mon ofer eorþan,	a man in the world,
40a	ne his gifena þæs god,	nor so generous of gifts,
	ne in geoguþe to þæs hwæt,	nor so bold in his youth,
	ne in his dædum to þæs deor,	nor so brave in his deeds,
	ne him his dryhten to þæs hold,	nor so dear to his lord,
	þæt he a his sæfore	that he never in his seafaring
	sorge næbbe,	has a worry,
	to hwon hine Dryhten	as to what his Lord
	gedon wille.	will do to him.
44a	Ne biþ him to hearpan hyge	Not for him is the sound of the harp
	ne to hringþege	nor the giving of rings
	ne to wife wyn	nor pleasure in woman
	ne to worulde hyht	nor worldly glory --
	ne ymbe owiht elles	nor anything at all
	nefne ymb yða gewealc;	unless the tossing of waves;
	ac a hafað longunge	but he always has a longing,
	se þe on lagu fundað.	he who strives on the waves.
48a	Bearwas blostmum nimað,	Groves take on blossoms,
	byrig fægriað,	the cities grow fair,
	wongas wlitigað,	the fields are comely,
	woruld onetteð:	the world seems new:
	ealle þa gemoniað	all these things urge on
	modes fusne	the eager of spirit,
	sefan to siþe	the mind to travel,
	þam þe swa þenceð	in one who so thinks
52a	on flodwegas	to travel far
	feor gewitan.	on the paths of the sea.
	Swylce geac monað	So the cuckoo warns
	geomran reorde;	with a sad voice;
	singeð sumeres weard,	the guardian of summer sings,
	sorge beodeð	bodes a sorrow
	bitter in breosthord.	grievous in the soul.
	Þæt se beorn ne wat,	This the man does not know,
56a	sefteadig secg,	the warrior lucky in worldly things
	hwæt þa sume dreogað	what some endure then,
	þe þa wræclastas	those who tread most widely
	widost lecgað.	the paths of exile.
	Forþon nu min hyge hweorfeð	And now my spirit twists
	ofer hreþerlocan,	out of my breast,
	min modsefa	my spirit
	mid mereflode,	out in the waterways,
60a	ofer hwæles eþel	over the whale's path
	hweorfeð wide,	it soars widely
	eorþan sceatas --	through all the corners of the world --
	cymeð eft to me	it comes back to me
	gifre ond grædig;	eager and unsated;
	gielleð anfloga,	the lone-flier screams,
	hweteð on hwælweg	urges onto the whale-road
	hreþer unwearnum	the unresisting heart
64a	ofer holma gelagu.	across the waves of the sea.
	Forþon me hatran sind	Indeed hotter for me are
	Dryhtnes dreamas	the joys of the Lord
	þonne þis deade lif	than this dead life
	læne on londe.	fleeting on the land.
	Ic gelyfe no	I do not believe
	þæt him eorðwelan	that the riches of the world
	ece stondað.	will stand forever.
68a	Simle þreora sum	Always and invariably,
	þinga gehwylce	one of three things
	ær his tiddege	will turn to uncertainty
	to tweon weorþeð:	before his fated hour:
	adl oþþe yldo	disease, or old age,
	oþþe ecghete	or the sword's hatred
	fægum fromweardum	will tear out the life
	feorh oðþringeð.	from those doomed to die.
72a	Forþon biþ eorla gehwam	And so it is for each man
	æftercweþendra	the praise of the living,
	lof lifgendra	of those who speak afterwards,
	lastworda betst,	that is the best epitaph,
	þæt he gewyrce,	that he should work
	ær he on weg scyle,	before he must be gone
	fremum on foldan	bravery in the world
	wið feonda niþ,	against the enmity of devils,
76a	deorum dædum	daring deeds
	deofle togeanes,	against the fiend,
	þæt hine ælda bearn	so that the sons of men
	æfter hergen,	will praise him afterwards,
	ond his lof siþþan	and his fame afterwards
	lifge mid englum	will live with the angels
	awa to ealdre,	for ever and ever,
	ecan lifes blæd,	the glory of eternal life,
80a	dream mid dugeþum.	joy with the Hosts.
	Dagas sind gewitene,	The days are gone
	ealle onmedlan	of all the glory
	eorþan rices;	of the kingdoms of the earth;
	nearon nu cyningas	there are not now kings,
	ne caseras	nor Cæsars,
	ne goldgiefan	nor givers of gold
	swylce iu wæron,	as once there were,
84a	þonne hi mæst mid him	when they, the greatest, among themselves
	mærþa gefremedon	performed valorous deeds,
	ond on dryhtlicestum	and with a most lordly
	dome lifdon.	majesty lived.
	Gedroren is þeos duguð eal,	All that old guard is gone
	dreamas sind gewitene;	and the revels are over --
	wuniað þa wacran	the weaker ones now dwell
	ond þæs woruld healdaþ,	and hold the world,
88a	brucað þurh bisgo.	enjoy it through their sweat.
	Blæd is gehnæged,	The glory is fled,
	eorþan indryhto	the nobility of the world
	ealdað ond searað,	ages and grows sere,
	swa nu monna gehwylc	as now does every man
	geond middangeard.	throughout the world.
	Yldo him on fareþ,	Age comes upon him,
	onsyn blacað,	his face grows pale,
92a	gomelfeax gnornað,	the graybeard laments;
	wat his iuwine,	he knows that his old friends,
	æþelinga bearn	the sons of princes,
	eorþan forgiefene.	have been given to the earth.
	Ne mæg him þonne se flæschoma	His body fails then,
	þonne him þæt feorg losað	as life leaves him --
	ne swete forswelgan	he cannot taste sweetness
	ne sar gefelan	nor feel pain,
96a	ne hond onhreran	nor move his hand
	ne mid hyge þencan.	nor think with his head.
	Þeah þe græf wille	Though he would strew
	golde stregan	the grave with gold,
	broþor his geborenum,	a brother for his kinsman,
	byrgan be deadum	bury with the dead
	maþmum mislicum,	a mass of treasure,
	þæt hine mid wille,	it just won't work --
100a	ne mæg þære sawle	nor can the soul
	þe biþ synna ful	which is full of sin
	gold to geoce	preserve the gold
	for Godes egsan,	before the fear of God,
	þonne he hit ær hydeð	though he hid it before
	þenden he her leofað.	while he was yet alive.
	Micel biþ se Meotudes egsa,	Great is the fear of the Lord,
	forþon hi seo molde oncyrreð;	before which the world stands still;
104a	se gestaþelade	He established
	stiþe grundas,	the firm foundations,
	eorþan sceatas	the corners of the world
	ond uprodor.	and the high heavens.
	Dol biþ se þe him his Dryhten ne ondrædeþ:	A fool is the one who does not fear his Lord
	cymeð him se deað unþinged.	-- death comes to him unprepared.
	Eadig bið se þe eaþmod leofaþ;	Blessed is he who lives humbly
	cymeð him seo ar of heofonum.	-- to him comes forgiveness from heaven.
108a	Meotod him þæt mod gestaþelað,	God set that spirit within him,
	forþon he in his meahte gelyfeð.	because he believed in His might.
	Stieran mon sceal strongum mode,	Man must control his passions
	ond þæt on staþelum healdan,	and keep everything in balance,
	ond gewis werum,	keep faith with men,
	wisum clæne.	and be pure in wisdom.
	Scyle monna gehwylc	Each of men must
	mid gemete healdan	be even-handed
112a	wiþ leofne ond wið laþne	with their friends and their foes.
	* * * bealo.	?
	þeah þe he hine wille	? though he does not wish him
	fyres fulne	? in the foulness of flames
	oþþe on bæle	? or on a pyre
	forbærnedne	? to be burned
	his geworhtne wine,	? his contrived friend,
	Wyrd biþ swiþre,	Fate is greater
116a	Meotud meahtigra,	and God is mightier
	þonne ænges monnes gehygd.	than any man's thought.
	Uton we hycgan	Let us ponder
	hwær we ham agen,	where we have our homes
	ond þonne geþencan	and then think
	hu we þider cumen;	how we should get thither --
	ond we þonne eac tilien	and then we should all strive
	þæt we to moten	that we might go there
120a	in þa ecan	to the eternal
	eadignesse	blessedness
	þær is lif gelong	that is a belonging life
	in lufan Dryhtnes,	in the love of the Lord,
	hyht in heofonum.	joy in the heavens.
	Þæs sy þam Halgan þonc	Let there be thanks to God
	þæt he usic geweorþade,	that he adored us,
	wuldres Ealdor	the Father of Glory,
124a	ece Dryhten,	the Eternal Lord,
	in ealle tid. Amen.	for all time. Amen.

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Tags: literature, old english, poetry, translated

	Oft him anhaga	Often the solitary one
	are gebideð,	finds grace for himself
	metudes miltse,	the mercy of the Lord,
	þeah þe he modcearig	Although he, sorry-hearted,
	geond lagulade	must for a long time
	longe sceolde	move by hand [in context = row]
4a	hreran mid hondum	along the waterways,
	hrimcealde sæ	(along) the ice-cold sea,
	wadan wræclastas.	tread the paths of exile.
	Wyrd bið ful aræd!	Events always go as they must!

	Swa cwæð eardstapa,	So spoke the wanderer,
	earfeþa gemyndig,	mindful of hardships,
	wraþra wælsleahta,	of fierce slaughters
	winemæga hryre:	and the downfall of kinsmen:

8a	Oft ic sceolde ana	Often (or always) I had alone
	uhtna gehwylce	to speak of my trouble
	mine ceare cwiþan.	each morning before dawn.
	Nis nu cwicra nan	There is none now living
	þe ic him modsefan	to whom I dare
	minne durre	clearly speak
	sweotule asecgan.	of my innermost thoughts.
	Ic to soþe wat	I know it truly,
12a	þæt biþ in eorle	that it is in men
	indryhten þeaw,	a noble custom,
	þæt he his ferðlocan	that one should keep secure
	fæste binde,	his spirit-chest (mind),
	healde his hordcofan,	guard his treasure-chamber (thoughts),
	hycge swa he wille.	think as he wishes.
	Ne mæg werig mod	The weary spirit cannot
	wyrde wiðstondan,	withstand fate (the turn of events),
16a	ne se hreo hyge	nor does a rough or sorrowful mind
	helpe gefremman.	do any good (perform anything helpful).
	Forðon domgeorne	Thus those eager for glory
	dreorigne oft	often keep secure
	in hyra breostcofan	dreary thoughts
	bindað fæste;	in their breast;
	swa ic modsefan	So I,
	minne sceolde,	often wretched and sorrowful,
20a	oft earmcearig,	bereft of my homeland,
	eðle bidæled,	far from noble kinsmen,
	freomægum feor	have had to bind in fetters
	feterum sælan,	my inmost thoughts,
	siþþan geara iu	Since long years ago
	goldwine minne	I hid my lord
	hrusan heolstre biwrah,	in the darkness of the earth,
	ond ic hean þonan	and I, wretched, from there
24a	wod wintercearig	travelled most sorrowfully
	ofer waþema gebind,	over the frozen waves,
	sohte seledreorig	sought, sad at the lack of a hall,
	sinces bryttan,	a giver of treasure,
	hwær ic feor oþþe neah	where I, far or near,
	findan meahte	might find
	þone þe in meoduhealle	one in the meadhall who
	mine wisse,	knew my people,
28a	oþþe mec freondleasne	or wished to console
	frefran wolde,	the friendless one, me,
	wenian mid wynnum.	entertain (me) with delights.
	Wat se þe cunnað	He who has tried it knows
	hu sliþen bið	how cruel is
	sorg to geferan	sorrow as a companion
	þam þe him lyt hafað	to the one who has few
	leofra geholena:	beloved friends:
32a	warað hine wræclast,	the path of exile (wræclast) holds him,
	nales wunden gold,	not at all twisted gold,
	ferðloca freorig,	a frozen spirit,
	nalæs foldan blæd.	not the bounty of the earth.
	Gemon he selesecgas	He remembers hall-warriors
	ond sincþege,	and the giving of treasure
	hu hine on geoguðe	How in youth his lord (gold-friend)
	his goldwine	accustomed him
36a	wenede to wiste.	to the feasting.
	Wyn eal gedreas!	All the joy has died!

	Forþon wat se þe sceal	And so he knows it, he who must
	his winedryhtnes	forgo for a long time
	leofes larcwidum	the counsels
	longe forþolian:	of his beloved lord:
	ðonne sorg ond slæð	Then sorrow and sleep
	somod ætgædre	both together
40a	earmne anhogan	often tie up
	oft gebindað.	the wretched solitary one.
	þinceð him on mode	He thinks in his mind
	þæt he his mondryhten	that he embraces and kisses
	clyppe ond cysse,	his lord,
	ond on cneo lecge	and on his (the lord's) knees lays
	honda ond heafod,	his hands and his head,
	swa he hwilum ær	Just as, at times (hwilum), before,
44a	in geardagum	in days gone by,
	giefstolas breac.	he enjoyed the gift-seat (throne).
	Ðonne onwæcneð eft	Then the friendless man
	wineleas guma,	wakes up again,
	gesihð him biforan	He sees before him
	fealwe wegas,	fallow waves
	baþian brimfuglas,	Sea birds bathe,
	brædan feþra,	preening their feathers,
48a	hreosan hrim ond snaw	Frost and snow fall,
	hagle gemenged.	mixed with hail.

	Þonne beoð þy hefigran	Then are the heavier
	heortan benne,	the wounds of the heart,
	sare æfter swæsne.	grievous (sare) with longing for (æfter) the lord.
	Sorg bið geniwad	Sorrow is renewed
	þonne maga gemynd	when the mind (mod) surveys
	mod geondhweorfeð;	the memory of kinsmen;
52a	greteð gliwstafum,	He greets them joyfully,
	georne geondsceawað	eagerly scans
	secga geseldan;	the companions of men;
	swimmað oft on weg	they always swim away.
	fleotendra ferð	The spirits of seafarers
	no þær fela bringeð	never bring back there much
	cuðra cwidegiedda.	in the way of known speech.
	Cearo bið geniwad	Care is renewed
56a	þam þe sendan sceal	for the one who must send
	swiþe geneahhe	very often
	ofer waþema gebind	over the binding of the waves
	werigne sefan.	a weary heart.

	Forþon ic geþencan ne mæg	Indeed I cannot think
	geond þas woruld	why my spirit
	for hwan modsefa	does not darken
	min ne gesweorce	when I ponder on the whole
60a	þonne ic eorla lif	life of men
	eal geondþence,	throughout the world,
	hu hi færlice	How they suddenly
	flet ofgeafon,	left the floor (hall),
	modge maguþegnas.	the proud thanes.
	Swa þes middangeard	So this middle-earth,
	ealra dogra gehwam	a bit each day,
	dreoseð ond fealleð;	droops and decays -
64a	forþon ne mæg weorþan wis	Therefore man (wer)
	wer, ær he age	cannot call himself wise, before he has
	wintra dæl in woruldrice.	a share of years in the world.
	Wita sceal geþyldig,	A wise man must be patient,
	ne sceal no to hatheort	He must never be too impulsive
	ne to hrædwyrde,	nor too hasty of speech,
	ne to wac wiga	nor too weak a warrior
	ne to wanhydig,	nor too reckless,
68a	ne to forht ne to fægen,	nor too fearful, nor too cheerful,
	ne to feohgifre	nor too greedy for goods,
	ne næfre gielpes to georn,	nor ever too eager for boasts,
	ær he geare cunne.	before he sees clearly.
	Beorn sceal gebidan,	A man must wait
	þonne he beot spriceð,	when he speaks oaths,
	oþþæt collenferð	until the proud-hearted one
	cunne gearwe	sees clearly
72a	hwider hreþra gehygd	whither the intent of his heart
	hweorfan wille.	will turn.
	Ongietan sceal gleaw hæle	A wise hero must realize
	hu gæstlic bið,	how terrible it will be,
	þonne ealre þisse worulde wela	when all the wealth of this world
	weste stondeð,	lies waste,
	swa nu missenlice	as now in various places
	geond þisne middangeard	throughout this middle-earth
76a	winde biwaune	walls stand,
	weallas stondaþ,	blown by the wind,
	hrime bihrorene,	covered with frost,
	hryðge þa ederas.	storm-swept the buildings.
	Woriað þa winsalo,	The halls decay,
	waldend licgað	their lords lie
	dreame bidrorene,	deprived of joy,
	duguþ eal gecrong,	the whole troop has fallen,
80a	wlonc bi wealle.	the proud ones, by the wall.
	Sume wig fornom,	War took off some,
	ferede in forðwege,	carried them on their way,
	sumne fugel oþbær	one, the bird took off
	ofer heanne holm,	across the deep sea,
	sumne se hara wulf	one, the gray wolf
	deaðe gedælde,	shared one with death,
	sumne dreorighleor	one, the dreary-faced
84a	in eorðscræfe	man buried
	eorl gehydde.	in a grave.
	Yþde swa þisne eardgeard	And so He destroyed this city,
	ælda scyppend	He, the Creator of Men,
	oþþæt burgwara	until deprived of the noise
	breahtma lease	of the citizens,
	eald enta geweorc	the ancient work of giants
	idlu stodon.	stood empty.

88a	Se þonne þisne wealsteal	He who thought wisely
	wise geþohte	on this foundation,
	ond þis deorce lif	and pondered deeply
	deope geondþenceð,	on this dark life,
	frod in ferðe,	wise in spirit,
	feor oft gemon	remembered often from afar
	wælsleahta worn,	many conflicts,
	ond þas word acwið:	and spoke these words:

92a	Hwær cwom mearg? Hwær cwom mago? [#]	Where is the horse gone? Where the rider?
	Hwær cwom maþþumgyfa?	Where the giver of treasure?
	Hwær cwom symbla gesetu?	Where are the seats at the feast?
	Hwær sindon seledreamas?	Where are the revels in the hall?
	Eala beorht bune!	Alas for the bright cup!
	Eala byrnwiga!	Alas for the mailed warrior!
	Eala þeodnes þrym!	Alas for the splendour of the prince!
	Hu seo þrag gewat,	How that time has passed away,
96a	genap under nihthelm,	dark under the cover of night,
	swa heo no wære.	as if it had never been!
	Stondeð nu on laste	Now there stands in the trace
	leofre duguþe	of the beloved troop
	weal wundrum heah,	a wall, wondrously high,
	wyrmlicum fah.	wound round with serpents.
	Eorlas fornoman	The warriors taken off
	asca þryþe,	by the glory of spears,
100a	wæpen wælgifru,	the weapons greedy for slaughter,
	wyrd seo mære,	the famous fate (turn of events),
	ond þas stanhleoþu	and storms beat
	stormas cnyssað,	these rocky cliffs,
	hrið hreosende	falling frost
	hrusan bindeð,	fetters the earth,
	wintres woma,	the harbinger of winter;
	þonne won cymeð,	Then dark comes,
104a	nipeð nihtscua,	nightshadows deepen,
	norþan onsendeð	from the north there comes
	hreo hæglfare	a rough hailstorm
	hæleþum on andan.	in malice against men.
	Eall is earfoðlic	All is troublesome
	eorþan rice,	in this earthly kingdom,
	onwendeð wyrda gesceaft	the turn of events changes
	weoruld under heofonum.	the world under the heavens.
108a	Her bið feoh læne,	Here money is fleeting,
	her bið freond læne,	here friend is fleeting,
	her bið mon læne,	here man is fleeting,
	her bið mæg læne,	here kinsman is fleeting,
	eal þis eorþan gesteal	all the foundation of this world
	idel weorþeð!	turns to waste!

	Swa cwæð snottor on mode,	So spake the wise man in his mind,
	gesæt him sundor æt rune.	where he sat apart in counsel.
112a	Til biþ se þe his treowe gehealdeþ,	Good is he who keeps his faith,
	ne sceal næfre his torn to rycene	And a warrior must never speak
	beorn of his breostum acyþan,	his grief of his breast too quickly,
	nemþe he ær þa bote cunne,	unless he already knows the remedy -
	eorl mid elne gefremman.	a hero must act with courage.
	Wel bið þam þe him are seceð,	It is better for the one that seeks mercy,
	frofre to Fæder on heofonum,	consolation from the father in the heavens,
	þær us eal seo fæstnung stondeð.	where, for us, all permanence rests.

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Tags: literature, old english, poetry, translated

This masonry is wondrous; fates broke it
courtyard pavements were smashed; the work of giants is decaying.
Roofs are fallen, ruinous towers,
the frosty gate with frost on cement is ravaged,
chipped roofs are torn, fallen,
undermined by old age. The grasp of the earth possesses
the mighty builders, perished and fallen,
the hard grasp of earth, until a hundred generations
of people have departed. Often this wall,
lichen-grey and stained with red, experienced one reign after another,
remained standing under storms; the high wide gate has collapsed.
Still the masonry endures in winds cut down
persisted on__________________
fiercely sharpened________ _________
______________ she shone_________
_____________g skill ancient work_________
_____________g of crusts of mud turned away
spirit mo________yne put together keen-counselled
a quick design in rings, a most intelligent one bound
the wall with wire brace wondrously together.
Bright were the castle buildings, many the bathing-halls,
high the abundance of gables, great the noise of the multitude,
many a meadhall full of festivity,
until Fate the mighty changed that.
Far and wide the slain perished, days of pestilence came,
death took all the brave men away;
their places of war became deserted places,
the city decayed. The rebuilders perished,
the armies to earth. And so these buildings grow desolate,
and this red-curved roof parts from its tiles
of the ceiling-vault. The ruin has fallen to the ground
broken into mounds, where at one time many a warrior,
joyous and ornamented with gold-bright splendour,
proud and flushed with wine shone in war-trappings;
looked at treasure, at silver, at precious stones,
at wealth, at prosperity, at jewellery,
at this bright castle of a broad kingdom.
The stone buildings stood, a stream threw up heat
in wide surge; the wall enclosed all
in its bright bosom, where the baths were,
hot in the heart. That was convenient.
Then they let pour_______________
hot streams over grey stone.
un___________ _____________
until the ringed sea (circular pool?) hot
_____________where the baths were.
Then is_______________________
__________re, that is a noble thing,
to the house__________ castle_______




check the text in old english

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Tags: literature, old english, poetry, translated

The most important poem in Old English, Beowulf is also the only surviving Anglo-Saxon epic. Though the origins of the piece remain a mystery, it has long been acclaimed for its grand tone and brilliant style.

The title, ’s Beowulf, part of Chelsea House Publishers’ Modern Critical Interpretations series, presents the most important 20th-century criticism on ’s Beowulf through extracts of critical essays by well-known literary critics. This collection of criticism also features a short biography on, a chronology of the author’s life, and an introductory essay written by Harold Bloom, Sterling Professor of the Humanities, Yale University.

ca să puteţi dezarhiva cartea o să aveţi nevoie de o parolă :letter1

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cartea de fata nu este mentionata in sillabi insa poate va prinde bine

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Tags: beowulf, critics, download, old english

Composed toward the end of the first millennium of our era, 'Beowulf' is the elegiac narrative of the adventures of Beowulf, a Scandinavian hero who saves the Danes from the seemingly invincible monster Grendel and, later, from Grendel's mother. He then returns to his own country and dies in old age in a vivid fight against a dragon. 

The poem is about encountering the monstrous, defeating it, and then having to live on in the exhausted aftermath. In the contours of this story, at once remote and uncannily familiar at the beginning of the twenty-first century, Seamus Heaney finds a resonance that summons power to the poetry from deep beneath its surface.










ca să puteţi dezarhiva cartea o să aveţi nevoie de o parolă : letter1




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Tags: beowulf, literature, old english